FML UNIT 1 Management|Fundamentals of management and Life skills|Bangalore university
Unit-1
Management
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Definition of management
Management, has been defined as a process of getting things done with the aim of achieving goals effectively and efficiently
"Management is a process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals work together in groups to effectively and efficiently accomplish selected aims".
Characteristics/Features of Management
The basic characteristics of management are
1.Management is universal
All the organizations, whether it is profit-making or not, they require management, for managing their activities. Hence it is universal in nature.
2. Management is a goal-oriented process:
An organisation has a set of basic goals which are the basic reason for its existence. These should be simple and clearly stated. Different organisations have different goals. Management unites the efforts of different individuals in the organisation towards achieving these goals.
3. Management is a continuous process: The process of management is a series of continuous, composite, but separate functions (planning, organising, directing, staffing and controlling). These functions are simultaneously
It is an ongoing process which tends to persist as long as the organization exists. It is required in every sphere of the organization whether it is production, human resource, finance or marketing.
4. Management is all pervasive: The activities involved in managing an enterprise are common to all organisations whether economic, social or political.
5. Management is multidimensional:
Management is a complex activity that has three main dimensions. These are:
- (a) Management of work: All organisations exist for the performance of some work
- (b) Management of people: The task of management is to make people work towards achieving the organisation’s goals.
- (c) Management of operations: Every organisation, has some basic product or service to provide in order to survive. This requires a production process which is interlinked with both the management of work and the management of people.
6. Management is a group activity: An organisation is a collection of diverse individuals with different needs. Every member of the group has a different purpose for joining the organisation but as members of the organisation they work towards fulfilling the common organisational goal. This requires team work and coordination of individual effort in a common direction
7. Management is a dynamic function: Management is a dynamic function and has to adapt itself to the changing environment. An organisation interacts with its external environment which consists of various social, economic and political factors. In order to be successful, an organisation must change itself and its goals according to the needs of the environment.
8. Management is an intangible force:
Management is an intangible force that cannot be seen but its presence can be felt in the way the organisation functions. The effect of management is noticeable in an organisation where targets are met according to plans, employees are happy and satisfied, and there is orderliness instead of chaos.
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Importance of Management
The reasons that have made management so important are :
(i) Management helps in achieving group goals: Management is required not for itself but for achieving the goals of the organisation. The task of a manager is to give a common direction to the individual effort in achieving the overall goal of the organisation.
(ii) Management increases efficiency: The aim of a manager is to reduce costs and increase productivity through better planning, organising, directing, staffing and controlling the activities of the organisation.
(iii) Management creates a dynamic organisation: All organisations have to function in an environment which is constantly changing. It is generally seen that individuals in an organisation resist change as it often means moving from a familiar, secure environment into a newer and more challenging one. Management helps people adapt to these changes so that the organisation is able to maintain its competitive edge.
(iv) Management helps in achieving personal objectives: A manager motivates and leads his team in such a manner that individual members are able to achieve personal goals while contributing to the overall organisational objective. Through motivation and leadership the management helps individuals to develop team spirit, cooperation and commitment to group success.
(v) Management helps in the development of society: An organisation has multiple objectives to serve the purpose of the different groups that constitute it. In the process of fulfilling all these, management helps in the development of the organisation and through that it helps in the development of society. It helps to provide good quality products and services, creates employment opportunities, adopts new techno-logy for the greater good of the people and leads the path towards growth and development.
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Management as an Art, Science and Profession
Management as an Art
(i) Existence of theoretical knowledge Art is the skilful and personal application of existing knowledge to achieve desired results. It can be acquired through study, observation and experience and has books on music, dance etc.Management can be said to be an art since a successful manager practices the art of management in the day-to-day job and there are many books available in various areas of management like marketing, finance and human
(ii) Personalised application: Art is a very personalised concept as the use of this basic knowledge varies from individual to individual. In the same way there are various theories of management which prescribe certain universal principles. A manager applies these scientific methods and body of knowledge to a given situation or a problem, in his own unique manner.
(iii) Based on practice and creativity
Just like an artist requires regular practice and own unique ideas of art to become more fine and perfect a manager applies his acquired knowledge in a personalised and skilful manner according to the realities of a given situation, and formulates his own theories for use in a given situation. This gives rise to different styles of management
All management practices are based on the same set of principles; what distinguishes a successful manager from a less successful one is the ability to put these principles into practice.
Management as a Science
Science is a systematised body of knowledge that explains certain general truths or the operation of general laws. The basic features of science are as follows:
(i) Systematised body of knowledge: Science is a systematic body of knowledge. Its principles are based on a cause and effect relationship. Just like science management also has a systematised body of knowledge. It has its own theory and principles
(ii) Principles based on experimentation: Scientific principles are first developed through observation and then tested through repeated experimentation under controlled conditions.In the same way the principles of management also have evolved over a period of time based on repeated experimentation and observation in different types of organisations. However, since management deals with human beings and human behaviour, the outcomes of these experiments are not capable of being accurately predicted or replicated.
(iii) Scientific principles are derived on the basis of logical and scientific observations:
The scientists perform logical observation before deriving any principle or theory. They are very objective while doing the observations. But when managers are observing they have to observe human beings and observation of human being cannot be purely logical and objective.
(iii) Universal validity: Scientific principles have universal validity and application. Since the principles of management are not as exact as the principles of science, their application and use is not universal. They have to be modified according to a given situation. However, they provide managers with certain standardised techniques that can be used in different situations.
Management as a Profession
(i) Well-defined body of knowledge: All professions are based on a well-defined body of knowledge that can be acquired through instruction. All over the world there is marked growth in management as a discipline. It is based on a systematic body of knowledge comprising well-defined principles based on a variety of business situations. This knowledge can be acquired at different colleges and professional institutes and through a number of books and journals.
(ii) Restricted entry: The entry to a profession is restricted through an examination or through acquiring an educational degree. For example, to become a chartered accountant in India a candidate has to clear examination conducted by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India.There is no restriction on anyone being appointed as manager in any business enterprise. Anyone can be called a manager irrespective of the educational qualifications possessed. But professional knowledge and training is considered to be a desirable qualification. Therefore, as such the second criterion has not been strictly met.
(iii) Professional association: All professions are affiliated to a professional association which regulates entry, grants certificate of practice and formulates and enforces a code of conduct. There are several associations of practising managers in India, like the AIMA (All India Management Association) that has laid down a code of conduct to regulate the activities of their members. There is, however, no compulsion for managers to be members of such an association .
(iv) Ethical code of conduct: All professions are bound by a code of conduct which guides the behaviour of its members. All doctors, for example, take the oath of ethical practice at the time they enter the profession.
(v) Service motive: The basic motive of a profession is to serve their client’s interests by rendering dedicated and committed service. Similarly the basic purpose of management is to help the organisation achieve its goal. This may be profit maximisation for a business enterprise and service for a hospital. However, profit maximisation as the objective of management is fast changing. Therefore, if an organisation has a good management team it automatically serves society by providing good quality products at reasonable prices.
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Administration vs Management
According to Theo Haimann, “Administration means overall determination of policies,setting of major objectives, the identification of general purposes and laying down of broad programmes and projects”. It refers to the activities of higher level. It lays down basic principles of the enterprise.Administration deals with the activities of higher level/top level: setting up of objectives and crucial policies of the organization.
Management involves conceiving, initiating and bringing together the various elements:coordinating, actuating, integrating the diverse organizational components while Sustaining the viability of the organization towards some pre-determined goals.In short, it is the act or function of putting into practice the policies and plans decided upon by the administration.
Administration vs management on basis of function
On the basis of function
Basis | Management | Administration |
Meaning | It is the art of getting things directing their efforts towards pre determined goals | it is concerned with formulation of broad objectives and policies |
Nature | Management is an executing function | Is a decision making function |
Process | Management decides who should do it and how he should do it | It decides what is to be done and when it is to be done |
Function | Doing function because managers get their work done under their supervision | Thinking function because plans and policies are determined under it |
skills | Technical and human skills |
conceptual and human skills |
Level | Middle and lower level function | Top level function |
On the basis of usage
Basis | Management | Administration |
Applicability | It is applicable to business concerns like profit making organisations | It is applicable to non business concerns like schools, hospitals etc |
Influence | management decisions are influenced by values, opinions, beliefs, and decision of the managers | administration is influenced by public opinion, government policies, customs, religious policies etc |
Status | management constitutes the employees of the organisation who are paid remuneration as salaries and wages | Administration represents owners |
click here FML Unit 2 Principles and functions of Management
First semester English Chapter 1 The Last Leaf
First semester English Chapter 2 All creatures great and small
First semester English Chapter 3 The Heart of a Tree
First semester English Chapter 4 Daughter
First semester English Chapter 5 The Ploughman
First semester English Chapter 6 My Teacher
First semester English Chapter 8 A conversation with a reader
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