FML Unit 3 Leadership and Motivation| B.Com Fundamental Management and Life skills| Bangalore University|

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Unit 3 

Leadership and Motivation

Leadership 

Meaning 

Leadership is the ability to develop a vision that motivate others to move with a passion towards a common goal.It is also a process by which a person influences  others  to accomplish an objective and directs an organisation in a way that makes it more coherent.

Leadership is simply leading ,influencing, commanding and guiding people to success.

As per John Newstrom and Keith Davis leadership is the process of influencing and supporting others to work enthusiastically towards achieving the objectives.

Characteristics of a good leader

10 characteristic of a good leader

1.Integrity

A leader should possess high level of integrity and honesty.He should be a role model to others in ethics and values

2.Communication Skills

A leader should be a good communicator.He should have the ability to clearly explain his ideas and make people understand his ideas.

3.Courage and initiative

A leader should be courageous and should be initiative in all areas.He should always grab good opportunities and should be able to use it for the benefit of the organisation.

4.Self Confidence

A leader should have high level of self confidence and should not loose his confidence in difficult situations.

5.Motivational Skills

A leader should be an effective motivator.He should understand the needs of the people and motivate them by satisfying their needs.

6.Empathy

A leader must be able to understand other's viewpoint and must be able to understand the conditions and opinions of his subordinates.

7.Influence

A good leader must be able to convince and influence people through logical and cooperative appeals.

8.Respect

Treating people with respect on a daily basis is one of the most important thing a leader must possess.

9.Learning Agility

It is about knowing how to learn what to do when one really doesn't know what to do.It’s about learning from experience and applying it in new ways, adapting to new circumstances and opportunities.A good leader must be able to excel in unfamiliar circumstances.

10.Ability to delegate

As a good leader, delegating is important because one can’t and shouldn’t do everything oneself. Delegating empowers your team, builds trust, and assists with development. And for leaders, it helps you learn how to identify who is best suited to tackle tasks or projects.

Leadership Styles

 There are several  basis for classifying leadership styles.The different leadership styles are

1.Autocratic or Authoritarian leader 

 An autocratic leader gives orders and expects his subordinates to obey those orders. If a manager is following this style, then communication is only one-way with the subordinate only acting according to the command given by the manager. This leadership style is effective in getting productivity in many situations like in a factory where the supervisor is responsible for production on time and has to ensure labour productivity. Quick decision-making is also facilitated.

2.Democratic or Participative leader 

 A democratic leader will develop action plans and makes decisions in consultation with his subordinates. He will encourage them to participate in decision making. This kind of leadership style is more common now-a days, since leaders also recognise that people perform best if they have set their own objectives. They also need to respect the other’s opinion and support subordinates to perform their duties and accomplish organisational objectives

3. Laissez faire or Free-rein leader 

 Such a leader does not believe in the use of power unless it is absolutely essential. The followers are given a high degree of independence to formulate their own objectives and ways to achieve them. The group members work on their own tasks resolving issues themselves. The manager is there only to support them and supply them the required information to complete the task assigned. At the same time, the subordinate assumes responsibility for the work to be performed. 

4.Servant leadership

Servant leadership is a leadership philosophy in which the goal of the leader is to serve. A servant leader shares power, puts the needs of the employees first and helps people develop and perform as highly as possible.Instead of the people working to serve the leader, the leader exists to serve the people

5.Level-5 leadership

Level 5 leadership is a concept developed in the book Good to Great . Level 5 leaders display a powerful mixture of personal humility and indomitable will. They're incredibly ambitious, but their ambition is first and foremost for the cause, for the organization and its purpose, not themselves.

6.Transformation Leader

In this leadership style  the leader  focuses on clear communication, goal setting and employee motivation. However, instead of placing majority of the energy into each employee’s individual goals, the transformational leader is driven by a commitment to the organisation’s objectives.

7. Transactional leadership

A transactional leader is someone who is laser-focused on performance similar to a pacesetter. Under this leadership style, the manager establishes predetermined incentives usually in the form of monetary reward for success and disciplinary action for failure. Unlike the pacesetter leadership style, transactional leaders are also focused on mentor ship, instruction and training to achieve goals and enjoy the rewards.

8.Negotiation Leadership

Here leader tries to negotiate between people.These leaders are effective negotiators.In order to persuade people to follow your lead you need to appeal to their interests,communicate with them effectively all of which are part of effective negotiation.

9.Moral Leadership

It is built on the basis of value.These leaders provide value or meaning for people to live by.Moral leaders guide themselves with values and ethics that they develop over time and experience.Their values are integrity,accountability,respect, service and fairness.They always value other people first and do not consider themselves as important.

10.Women leadership

Women leaders are more transformational than men leaders. They function as a role model for their subordinates. They inspire their team and spend a lot of time coaching their team.Women leaders emphasize teamwork and authentic communication as a key to success.To bring in balance in any organisation we need women leaders.Woman leaders bring balance to any organisation.

11.Global business leadership

Global leadership is all about effective communication. These essential functions allow us to receive, share, and process information, but when developed to their greatest potential, they become the defining characteristics of today's global leaders.

Global leadership is defined as leading people who are based in multiple regions of the world. They need to engage very diverse and distributed groups of stakeholders and colleagues to get things done, They lead people in highly distributed virtual teams.

The tell-Tale heart -Edgar Allan Poe

Motivation

Definition of motivation

Motivation is the process of stimulating people to action to accomplish desired goals. Motivation depends upon satisfying needs of people.In the context of an organisation, it means the process of making subordinates to act in a desired manner to achieve certain organisational goals

Nature and characteristics of motivation

• component of directing
• psychological aspects
• goals directed
• continuous process
• integrated
• complex and dynamic process
• financial or non financial
• positive or negative

Importance of motivation

i)Puts human resources into action

Every concern requires physical, financial and human resources to accomplish the goals. It is through motivation that the human resources can be utilized by making full use of it. This can be done by building willingness in employees to work. This will help the enterprise in securing best possible utilization of resources.

ii)Improves level of efficiency of employees

The level of a subordinate or a employee does not only depend upon his qualifications and abilities. For getting best of his work performance, the gap between ability and willingness has to be filled which helps in improving the level of performance of subordinates. This will result into-Increase in productivity,Reducing cost of operations, and Improving overall efficiency.

iii)Leads to achievement of organisational goals

The goals of an enterprise can be achieved only when the following factors take place :-There is best possible utilization of resources,
There is a co-operative work environment,
The employees are goal-directed and they act in a purposive manner,
Goals can be achieved if co-ordination and co-operation takes place simultaneously which can be effectively done through motivation.

iv)Builds friendly relationship

Motivation is an important factor which brings employees satisfaction. This could initiate the following things:Monetary and non-monetary incentives,Promotion opportunities for employees,Disincentives for inefficient employees.

In order to build a cordial, friendly atmosphere in a concern, the above steps should be taken by a manager. This would help in:

Effective co-operation which brings stability, Industrial dispute and unrest in employees will reduce,
The employees will be adaptable to the changes and there will be no resistance to the change,
This will help in providing a smooth and sound concern in which individual interests will coincide with the organizational interests,
This will result in profit maximization through increased productivity.

v)Leads to stability of work force

Stability of workforce is very important from the point of view of reputation and goodwill of a concern. The employees can remain loyal to the enterprise only when they have a feeling of participation in the management. The skills and efficiency of employees will always be of advantage to employees as well as employees. This will lead to a good public image in the market which will attract competent and qualified people into a concern. As it is said, “Old is gold” which suffices with the role of motivation here, the older the people, more the experience and their adjustment into a concern which can be of benefit to the enterprise.

Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

 is a theory of motivation which states that five categories of

human needs dictate an individual's behaviour. Those needs are physiological needs,safety needs, love and belonging needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs.Abraham Maslow propounded that humans have a hierarchy of five needs,which begins with the basic need of physiological well-being and goes up to realization of one’s potential.

1.Physiological needs:

These needs are the basic human needs of an individual for survival, such as food,cloth, shelter and sleep.These needs have the highest strength and intensity. Intensity of these needs keeps changing with time.However, they have to be repeatedly satisfied within relatively short time.

2.Safety and security needs:

With their physical needs relatively satisfied, the individual’s safety needs take precedence and dominate behaviour. These needs are second in hierarchy. Safety needs manifest themselves in things such as preference for job security, grievance procedures and job safety.Safety includes personal security, financial security,health and well being.

3.Social needs:

The social needs in Maslow's hierarchy include such things as love, acceptance, and belonging. At this level, the need for emotional relationships drives human behaviour. Some of the things that satisfy this need include: Friendships.

4.Ego and esteem needs:

All humans have a need to be respected, to have self-esteem and self- respect. Esteem presents the normal human desire to be accepted and valued by others. Most people have a need for a stable self-respect and self-esteem.

Fulfilment of these needs provides a feeling of self-confidence, achievement, self-respect,and usefulness, and their non-fulfilment produces feelings such as inferiority and unhelpfulness. Ego and esteem needs are catered by the organization through promotion policies, providing better status and appreciation.

5.Self-actualization needs:

Self-actualization needs are the highest level in Maslow's hierarchy, and refer to the realization of a person's potential, self-fulfilment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences. Maslow describes this level as the desire to accomplish everything that one can, to become the most that one can be.

Theory X & Y (McGregor)

According to McGregor, the assumption about human nature underlines Theory X and Y 

Theory X	Theory Y
Work is distasteful	Work is as natural as play
Most people are not  ambitious and prefer to be directed	People display extreme degree of self-control  and does not need  direction
Most people has little  capacity for creativity in solving organisational problems	Have capacity for  creativity in solving organisational  problems
Motivation occurs at only  physiological and  security need levels	Motivation occurs at social,esteem and self- actualisation levels
Most people need to be  closely controlled and are to be  forced to  achieve objectives  of  organisation	People can be  self directive  and creative  at work

According to the analysis of theory X and Y,Paul Hersey states that managers who accept Theory X assumptions about human nature , usually direct, control and closely supervise people whereas Theory Y managers are supportive and facilitating

It is not common to have fully Theory x people or fully Theory Y people in any organisation There would be usually a mix of both kinds in varying proportions.so managers have to tailor their motivation applications  in a suitable manner which is suitable for different behavioural patterns..

Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory

According to Herzberg's two factor theory there are two factors

i)Motivational factors

ii)Hygiene or Maintenance factors

i)Motivational factor

Motivational factors are those which encourages the employees to work harder.They are found in the job itself.Motivational factors also improve the job satisfaction of employees

e.g.of motivators are  challenging work, recognition for one's achievement, responsibility, opportunity to do something meaningful, involvement in decision making,growth and also the job itself.

ii)Hygiene or Maintenance factors

The term "hygiene" is used in the sense that these are maintenance factors. According to Herzberg, the absence of hygiene factors in the workplace causes dissatisfaction among employees  In order to remove dissatisfaction in a work environment, these hygiene factors must be present, however their presence do not ensure satisfaction entirely.The presence of hygiene factors do not give any motivation for the employees but their absence dissatisfy the employees.

The examples of hygiene factors are company policy, administration,status,job security,salary,fringe benefits,work conditions,paid insurance, vacations etc.

These do not give positive satisfaction or lead to higher motivation, though dissatisfaction results from their absence.

Eliminating dissatisfaction is only one half of the task of the two factor theory. The other half would be to increase satisfaction in the workplace. This can be done by improving on motivating factors. Motivation factors are needed to motivate an employee to higher performance.

First semester English Chapter 1 The Last Leaf

First semester English Chapter 2 All creatures great and small

First semester English Chapter 3 The Heart of a Tree

First semester English Chapter 4 Daughter

First semester English Chapter 6 My Teacher

Great Expectations-Charles Dickens

The tell-tale heart-Edgar Allan Poe

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First semester Additional English Chapter 4 A conversation with a reader